Usefulness of Artificial Neural Networks in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome

Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is a chronic and highly prevalent disease considered a major health problem in industrialized countries. The gold standard diagnostic methodology is in-laboratory nocturnal polysomnography (PSG), which is complex, costly, and time consuming. In order to overcome these limitations, novel and simplified diagnostic alternatives are demanded. Sleep scientists carried out an exhaustive research during the last decades focused on the design of automated expert systems derived from artificial intelligence able to help sleep specialists in their daily practice. Among automated pattern recognition techniques, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have demonstrated to be efficient and accurate algorithms in order to implement computer-aided diagnosis systems aimed at assisting physicians in the management of SAHS. In this regard, several applications of ANNs have been developed, such as classification of patients suspected of suffering from SAHS, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) prediction, detection and quantification of respiratory events, apneic events classification, automated sleep staging and arousal detection, alertness monitoring systems, and airflow pressure optimization in positive airway pressure (PAP) devices to fit patients’ needs. In the present research, current applications of ANNs in the framework of SAHS management are thoroughly reviewed

Valoración de las metodologías y herramientas docentes por el alumnado. Impulso del mentoring para profesores en la enseñanza online y presencial

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Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Cancer in thyroid nodules : evaluation of ultrasound and fineneedle aspiration biopsy

Os nódulos de tireóide são um problema clínico comum e a punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) é o principal exame utilizado para seu diagnóstico diferencial. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que algumas características ultra-sonográficas dos nó- dulos estão associadas a um maior risco de câncer. Entretanto, não encontramos estudos que avaliassem o desempenho dos dois exames de forma comparativa e/ou complementar. OBJETIVO. Avaliar o desempenho da ultra-sonografia (US), da PAAF e de sua combinação no diagnóstico de câncer em nódulos de tireóide. MÉTODOS. Oitenta pacientes com nódulos únicos ou dominantes, com indicação cirúrgica, foram selecionados dentre 289 pacientes com nódulos tireoidianos atendidos entre março de 1995 e julho de 1997. Os pacientes foram submetidos à PAAF e à US de tireóide por um dos autores. A PAAF foi considerada positiva quando os achados citológicos eram suspeitos ou diagnósticos de câncer. A US foi considerada positiva quando os nódulos apresentavam pelo menos um dos seguintes achados: microcalcificações, hipoecogenicidade ou halo ausente. PAAF e US foram combinados em paralelo (o resultado positivo em qualquer um dos dois exames era considerado indicativo de malignidade) e em série (somente o resultado positivo de ambos os testes indicava presença de malignidade). RESULTADOS. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da PAAF na detecção do câncer em nódulos de tireóide foram, respectivamente, 87% e 62%, e a sensibilidade e a especificidade da US foram, respectivamente, 81% e 70%. A combinação em série dos dois exames (PAAF e US) resultou em sensibilidade de 69% e especificidade de 91%, e a combinação em paralelo (PAAF ou US) apresentou sensibilidade de 94% e especificidade de 52%. CONCLUSÃO. A US pode ser útil na avaliação dos nódulos de tireóide, alternativamente ou em combinações com a PAAF. Como o resultado da US depende da experiência do operador e das características do equipamento, são necessários estudos em diferentes centros para o seu uso na prática clínica.BACKGROUND. Thyroid nodules are a very common clinical problem and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is its main diagnostic test. Recently, it has been shown that some ultrasonographic features are associated to an increased risk of cancer, but a comparison between FNAB and ultrasonography (US) or its combination is not available. The aim of this study was to evaluate FNAB and US performance, isolated or combined, for cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules. METHODS. Eighty patients, with palpable solitary thyroid nodules or multinodular goiters, who were to undergo surgery, were selected among 289 patients seen in our clinic between March, 1995 and July, 1997. US and FNAB were performed by one of us. US was considered positive for cancer when microcalcifications, absent halo or hypoechogenicity were seen. FNAB was considered positive for cancer when it was either suspicious or compatible with malignancy. Both methods (FNAB and US) were evaluated in parallel combination (positive when FNAB or US was positive) and in serial combination (positive when both, FNAB and US, were positive). RESULTS. Sensitivity and specificity of FNAB and US for cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules were, respectively, 87% and 62%, and 81% and 70%. Serial combination of FNA and US had sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 91%, and parallel combination resulted in sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 52%. CONCLUSION. The US had good accuracy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules, and can help us take some decisions in the clinical practice, supplementary to FNA. Nevertheless, the quality of the ultrasound examination depends on the experience of the examiner and on the characteristics of the equipment, so new studies are necessary to evaluate these factors to the current usage of ultrasonographic characteristics in the evaluation diagnostic of thyroid nodules

Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica

Producción CientíficaIntroducción. La prueba diagnóstica estándar del síndrome de apnea-hipopnea del sueño (SAHS) presenta baja disponibilidad y accesibilidad, limitando su efectividad como técnica única de detección. Trabajos previos han demostrado la posibilidad de realizar polisomnografías (PSG) en el domicilio, obteniendo información más representativa del desarrollo normal del sueño al dormir el paciente en su entorno habitual. Sin embargo, la pérdida de señal y la disminución del rendimiento diagnóstico son problemas que todavía requieren investigación. El objetivo de este estudio ha consistido en comparar el índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) obtenido mediante PSG no supervisada en el domicilio con el IAH derivado de la PSG hospitalaria. Material y Métodos. La población bajo estudio estaba compuesta por 38 sujetos con sospecha clínica moderada-alta de SAHS. Todos los pacientes realizaron una PSG completa en el hospital y un segundo estudio polisomnográfico no supervisado en su domicilio en noches consecutivas (orden randomizado). La concordancia entre el IAH hospitalario (IAH-HOS) y el domiciliario (IAH-DOM) se analizó en términos del índice de correlación intraclase (ICC) y gráficamente mediante un diagrama Bland-Altman. Se construyó la matriz de confusión para comparar ambas técnicas diagnósticas y analizar los grupos clásicos de severidad: no SAHS, leve, moderado y severo. El rendimiento diagnóstico de la PSG domiciliaria se analizó mediante las métricas derivadas de la matriz de confusión. Resultados. Los valores medios de IAH-HOS e IAH-DOM fueron de 38.48 ± 27.66 eventos/h y 34.70 ± 26.11 eventos/h (media ± SD), respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p >0.01). El ICC entre ambos índices fue de 0.761 (0.586, 0.868 IC95%). La Figura 1 muestra el diagrama de concordancia Bland-Altman, en el que se observa una ligera infraestimación del IAH-DOM respecto al hospital. La Tabla 1 resume las métricas de rendimiento diagnóstico para los puntos de corte 5, 15 y 30 eventos/h. La mayor precisión y par Se-Sp más balanceado se alcanzaron para el umbral de mayor severidad, con 79.0% Se, 84.2% Sp, 83.3% PPV, 80.0% NPV, 5.0 LR+, 0.25 LR-, 81.6% Acc y 0.90 AUC. Conclusiones. La PSG en el domicilio alcanzó una concordancia moderada con el IAH hospitalario, observándose una pequeña infraestimación de la severidad del SAHS.Proyecto VA037U16 de la Junta de Castilla y León y FEDER; Proyecto 265/2012 de SEPAR; Contrato Juan de la Cierva MINECO